A Boxer rebel. His banner says "欽令義和團糧臺", "Boxer Commissariat".

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The Boxer Uprising (Traditional Chinese: 義和團起義, Simplified Chinese: 义和团起义, pinyin: Yìhétuán Qǐyì; literally "The Righteous and Harmonious Society") or Boxer Rebellion (義和團之亂 or 義和團匪亂) was a Chinese rebellion from November 1899 to September 7, 1901 against foreign influence in areas such as trade, politics, religion and technology that occurred in China during the final years of the Qing Dynasty. By August 1901, over 230 foreigners, tens of thousands of Chinese Christians, an unknown number of rebels, their sympathizers and other innocent bystanders had been killed in the ensuing chaos. The uprising crumbled on August 14, 1900 when 20,000 foreign troops entered the Chinese capital, Peking (Beijing).

Anti-Foreign movement

In 1839, the First Opium War broke out, China was defeated by the United Kingdom. In view of the weakness of the Qing government, the United Kingdom and other nations such as France, Russia and Japan started to exert influence over China. Due to their inferior army and navy, the Qing Dynasty was forced to sign many agreements which became known as the "Unequal Treaties". These include the Treaty of Nanking (1842), the Treaty of Aigun (1858), the Treaty of Tientsin (1858), the Convention of Peking (1860), the Treaty of Shimonoseki (1895), and the Second Convention of Peking (1898).

Such treaties were regarded as grossly unfair by many Chinese, as foreigners received special treatment compared to Chinese. Rumours circulated of foreigners committing crimes as a result of agreements between foreign and the Chinese governments over how foreigners in China should be prosecuted. In Guizhou, local officials were reportedly shocked to see a cardinal using a sedan chair decorated in the same manner as one reserved for the governor. The Catholic Church's prohibition on many Chinese rituals and traditions were another issue of contention. Many Chinese 'Christians' used the cloak of foreign protection to mask criminal activity. When pursued by Chinese authorities these 'Christians' conveniently hid in foreign enclaves, escaping the hand of Chinese law. Thus in the late 19th century such feelings increasingly resulted in civil disobedience and violence towards both foreigners and Chinese Christians. Historically, the Chinese had been fairly tolerant of other religions, making this persecution of Christians an oddity in Chinese history.